Referencing Guide: Harvard
The reference examples below are based on the Harvard (UTS) referencing style. This style is available for downloading into your EndNote program from the UTS Library Referencing Styles for EndNote page.
More detailed information about Harvard referencing styles at UTS is available via the BELL Referencing Guide.
Not every field listed in these examples will be available for all your citations. If you have no information for a field (eg Translator, Series Title, Producer), that's OK, just leave it out.
If a reference does not have an Author, use the Title, Chapter Title or Article Title in its place, both in text and in the bibliography. The title should keep the same formatting as it has normally, ie for books it should be in italics, for journal articles it should be in single quotes, etc. There are examples of this for a book and for a journal article.
If a reference has more than three Authors, list only the first author in the in-text citation, and abbreviate the others by "et al." (Latin for "and others"). However, all the authors must be listed in the bibliography. There is an example of this here.
If City of publication is not a national or state capital, you need to give the country or state as well, eg Liverpool, UK or Liverpool, NSW.
Remember, the point of referencing is to clearly and simply enable another person (or perhaps even yourself) to relocate the information or item referred to.
Reference types
1. Book
2. Edited Book
3. Electronic Book
4. Chapter from an Edited Book (includes electronic)
5. Conference Paper (includes electronic)
6a. Journal Article - printed; or online with a printed equivalent
6b. Journal Article - from a website
7a. Newspaper or Magazine Article - printed; or online with a printed equivalent
7b. Newspaper or Magazine Article - from a website
8. Website, or Online document within a Website
9. Thesis
10. Report
11. Film or Audiovisual Material
12. Television or Radio Program
13. Artwork (or image of an artwork)
14. Case Law
15. Legislation
16. Personal Communication
17. One work citing another
1. BOOK
If an electronic book has the same structure and page numbering as the equivalent printed version, use this section to reference it as if it was that print version. Otherwise, or if you are not sure, use the Electronic Book style described in section 3 below.
Bibliography Format:
Author(s) Year, Title, trans. Translator, Edition edn, vol. Volume, Series Title, Publisher, City.
Examples:
Segovia, J., Szczepaniak, P.S. & Niedzwiedzinski, M. 2004, E-commerce and Intelligent Methods, 2nd edn, Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing, Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany.
de Cervantes Saavedra, M. 2003, Don Quixote, trans. E. Grossman, HarperCollins, New York.
Thorne, K.S. 1994, Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy, Picador, London.
Example (book with no author):
Manual of Auditing 1981, 3rd edn, Gee, London.
In the text these would be:
(Segovia, Szczepaniak & Niedzwiedzinski 2004) and (de Cervantes Saavedra 2003) and (Thorne 1994) and (Manual of Auditing 1981)
2. EDITED BOOK
Use (ed.) for one editor, (eds) for more than one editor.
Bibliography Format:
Editor (ed.) Year, Title, Edition edn, vol. Volume, Series Title, Publisher, City.
Examples:
Luczkovich, J.J. (ed.) 1995, Ecomorphology of Fishes, Developments in Environmental Biology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Germany.
Turner, S.P. & Roth, P.A. (eds) 2003, Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of the Social Sciences, Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
In the text these would be:
(Luczkovich 1995) and (Turner & Roth 2003)
3. ELECTRONIC BOOK
If an electronic book has the same structure and page numbering as the printed version, you can cite it as if you consulted the printed version (as in sections 1 & 2 above).
However, if the electronic version has different page numbering, or no page numbering, or if you are not sure, then use this style.
Year should be the date of creation or last update of the electronic version. Publisher and City (if known) refer to the producer or host of the electronic version and where they are based.
You must include the date you viewed the web page, followed by the full URL within angle brackets.
The UTS Library subscribes to many online book databases, some that display page numbers while others do not. The online book databases that do not display page numbers and therefore should be cited as Electronic Book are Safari Tech Books Online, CRCnetBASE, Oxford Reference Online and XreferPlus.
Bibliography Format:
Author(s) Year, Title, trans. Translator, Edition edn, vol. Volume, Series Title, Publisher, City, viewed Date, <URL>.
Examples:
Austen, J. 1998, Pride and Prejudice, University of Adelaide, viewed 10 July 2004, <http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/pg-html//mirror/pg/etext98/pandp11.txt>.
Kim, A.J. 2002, Community Building on the Web, Safari Tech Books Online, Boston, Mass., viewed 3 July 2004, <http://proquest.safaribooksonline.com/0201874849>.
Granqvist, C.G. 1989, Spectrally Selective Surfaces for Heating and Cooling Applications, University of Technology, Sydney, viewed 31 July 2004, <http://drr.lib.uts.edu.au/drr/public/citation?item=6404>.
In the text these would be:
(Austen 1998) and (Kim 2002) and (Granqvist 1989, p. 21)
The last example (Granqvist) is actually one of the library's eReadings, a scan of p21 of this book (which is why the page number is specified in the in text citation). Use "pp." if there is a range of pages eg, pp. 21-22.
4. CHAPTER FROM EDITED BOOK (called "Book Section" in EndNote)
Use this style for a chapter within an edited book, if each chapter of the book has its own author and its own title. Note the word "in" before the Book Editor. Use (ed.) for one editor, (eds) for more than one editor.
If an electronic book chapter has an equivalent printed version, reference it as if it was the print version. Otherwise, or if you are not sure, use the chapter from electronic book format below, whereYear should be the date of creation or last update of the electronic version, and Publisher and City (if known) refer to the producer or host of the electronic version and where they are based. You must include the date you viewed the web page, followed by the full URL within angle brackets.
Bibliography Format (print):
Author(s) of Chapter Year, 'Chapter Title', in Book Editor(s) (ed.), Book Title, Edition edn, vol. Volume, Series Title, Publisher, City, pp. Pages of Chapter.
Example:
Coleman, S. 2003, 'Democracy in an e-connected world', in R. Davidson (ed.), The E-Connected World: Risks and Opportunities, Canada-United Kingdom Colloquia Series, McGill Queens University Press, Montreal, pp. 125-32.
Bibliography Format (chapter in electronic book):
Author(s) of Chapter Year, 'Chapter Title', in Book Editor(s) (ed.), Book Title, Edition edn, vol. Volume, Series Title, Publisher, City, viewed Date, <URL>.
Example:
Smith, S. 2000 'US democracy promotion: critical questions', in M. Cox, J. Ikenberry & T. Inoguchi (eds), American Democracy Promotion, Oxford Scholarship Online, Oxford, UK, viewed 11 August 2004, <http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/private/content/politicalscience/0199240973/p025.html#acprof-0199240973-chapter-3>.
In the text these would be:
(Coleman 2003) and (Smith 2000)
5. CONFERENCE PAPER
Use this style for a single paper from a conference proceedings. To reference the whole conference proceedings as one work, treat it as an Edited Book (see above) instead.
Year is the year of publication of the proceedings, which might be different from the year the conference was actually held (as in the second print example below). If you wish, add the actual day(s) month & year of the conference just before the Conference Location eg, 16-18 May 2004, Sydney.
If the Conference Location is not a national or state capital you need to give the country or state as well, eg Liverpool, UK or Liverpool, NSW.
If an electronic conference paper has an equivalent printed version, reference it as if it was the print version. Otherwise, or if you are not sure, use the electronic conference paper style below, where Year should be the date of creation or last update of the electronic version, and Publisher and City (if known) refer to the producer or host of the electronic version and where they are based. You must include the date you viewed the web page, followed by the full URL within angle brackets.
Bibliography Format (print):
Author(s) of Paper Year, 'Title of Paper', Conference Name, vol. Volume, ed. Editor, Publisher, Conference Location, pp. Pages.
Examples:
Fisse, B. 2000, 'Price exploitation and the new tax scheme', Competition Law and Regulation, ed. R. Kingsford, University of New South Wales Faculty of Law, 24-25 August 2000, Kensington, NSW, pp. 1-17.
McPherson, M. 2000, 'The missing link: using interlibrary loan management software', Libraries Without Walls 3: Delivery of Library Services to Distant Users, eds P. Brophy, S. Fisher & Z. Clarke, Library Association, 10-14 September 1999, Molyvos, Lesvos, Greece, pp. 108-14.
Bibliography Format (electronic conference paper):
Author(s) of Paper Year, 'Title of Paper', Conference Name, vol. Volume, ed. Editor, Publisher, Conference Location, viewed Date, <URL>.
Example:
Jakubowicz, A. 2002, 'Race vilification and communal leadership', Beyond Tolerance: National Conference on Racism, ed. W. Jonas, Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission, 12-13 March 2002, Sydney, viewed 17 June 2002, <http://www.humanrights.gov.au/racial_discrimination/beyond_tolerance/speeches/jakubowicz.html>.
In the text these would be:
(Fisse 2000) and (McPherson 2000) and (Jakubowicz 2002)
6a. JOURNAL ARTICLE - printed; or online with a printed equivalent
Use this style for printed articles; and for online journal articles if the journal also appears in print and if the online citation includes page numbers.
Bibliography Format:
Author(s) Year, 'Article Title', Journal Name, vol. Volume, no. Issue, pp. Pages.
Example:
Seaman, C.B., Mendonca, M.G. & Kim, Y.M. 2003, 'User evaluation and evolution of a prototype management tool', IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 29, no. 9, pp. 838-51.
This is the correct style even if the article was viewed online via the IEEExplore journal database, because the citation has page numbers.
Gillespie, N.C., Lewis, R.J., Pearn, J.H., Bourke, A.T.C., Holmes, M.J., Bourke, J.B. & Shields, W.J. 1986, 'Ciguatera in Australia: occurrence, clinical features, pathophysiology and management', Medical Journal of Australia, vol. 145, no. 11-12, pp. 584-90.
Example (journal article with no author):
'Schuth wins Leibniz prize' 2003, Materials Today, vol. 6, no. 6, p. 61.
As in the earlier example, this is the correct style even if the article was viewed online via the ScienceDirect database, for the same reason.
In the text these would be:
(Seaman, Mendonca & Young-Mi 2003) and (Gillespie et al. 1986) and ('Schuth wins Leibniz prize' 2003)
Because the second article has more than 3 authors, the in text citation lists only the first author and abbreviates the rest to "et al." Note that the bibliography format lists all the authors.
6b. JOURNAL ARTICLE - from a website
Use this style if the journal is online only, or for online articles with no page numbers. You must include the date you viewed the article, followed by the full URL within angle brackets.
Bibliography Format:
Author(s) Year, 'Article Title', Journal Name, vol. Volume, no. Issue, viewed Date, <URL>.
Examples:
Strong, W.S. 1999, 'Copyright in a time of change', Journal of Electronic Publishing, vol. 4, no. 3, viewed 5 August 2004, <http://www.press.umich.edu/jep/04-03/strong.html>.
Clark, J., Diefenderfer, C., Hammer, S. & Hammer, T. 2003, 'Estimating the area of Virginia', Journal of Online Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 3, viewed 6 May 2004, <http://www.joma.org/vol3/modules/clark/area_of_virginia.htm>.
In the text these would be:
(Strong 1999) and (Clark et al. 2003)
Because the second article has more than 3 authors, the in text citation lists only the first author and abbreviates the rest to "et al." Note that the bibliography format lists all the authors.
7a. NEWSPAPER or MAGAZINE ARTICLE - printed; or online with a printed equivalent
Use this style for printed articles; and for online articles if the newspaper or magazine also appears in print and if the online citation includes page numbers. Use Section only for sections of the newspaper or magazine that have their own page numbering.
A major difference between journal articles, and newspaper or magazine articles, is that newspapers and magazines are usually issued much more frequently than journals. Thus they are usually distinguished by their issue date, rather than by volume or issue number.
Bibliography Format:
Reporter or Author(s) Year, 'Article Title', Newspaper or Magazine Title (Section), Issue Date, pp. Pages.
Examples:
Peatling, S. & Malkin, B. 2004, 'Employers face ban on email spying', Sydney Morning Herald, 31 March, p. 17.
Gutner, T. 2003, 'Fashion futures', Business Week (Fashion Industry Supplement), August, pp. 9-10.
In the text these would be:
(Peatling & Malkin 2004) and (Gutner 2003)
7b. NEWSPAPER or MAGAZINE ARTICLE - from a website
Use this style if the newspaper or magazine is online only, or for online articles with no page numbers. You must include the date you viewed the article, followed by the full URL within angle brackets.
Bibliography Format:
Reporter or Author(s) Year, 'Article Title', Newpaper or Magazine Title, Issue Date, viewed Date, <URL>.
Example:
Darby A. 2004, Furious Butler quits as Governor', Sydney Morning Herald, 10 August, viewed 10 August 2004, <http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/08/09/1092022411039.html?oneclick="true">.
This is the correct style, because although the Sydney Morning Herald does have a printed version, the online article does not have page numbers, so we need to reference the article as a website.
In the text this would be:
(Darby 2004)
8. WEBSITE or DOCUMENT WITHIN A WEBSITE (called "Electronic Source" in EndNote 9 and earlier versions)
Author is the person or organisation who wrote or created the document or website. Year is the year the document or website was created or last updated. Title is the "name" of the document (leave this out if it is not obvious). Producer is the person or organisation responsible for sponsoring, hosting or "publishing" the document or website.
If entering into EndNote "Electronic Source" template use Publisher field for the Producer. EndNote 7 does not have a Producer field for Electronic Resource.
You must include the date you viewed the web page, followed by the full URL within angle brackets.
Bibliography Format:
Author Year, Title, Producer, City, viewed Date, <URL>.
Examples:
Robertson, P. 2001, Astronomy in the Deep Freeze, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, viewed 1 April 2004, <http://www.science.org.au/nova/065/065key.htm>.
Australian Electoral Commission 2002, Australia Celebrates the 100th Anniversary of Women's Right to Vote, Australian Electoral Commission, Canberra, viewed 17 March 2004, <http://www.aec.gov.au/_content/what/media_releases/2002/jun/100_anniversary.htm>.
Paine, M. 1999, Your Ancestors May Be Martian, Imaginova Corp, New York, viewed 17 February 2004, <http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/astronomy/rocks_fromspace_991108.html>.
In the text these would be:
(Robertson 2001) and (Australian Electoral Commission 2004) and (Paine 1999)
9. THESIS
If the University name includes the name of the City, you do not need to have a separate City. However you will still need the name of the state or country if the City is not a state or national capital.
Bibliography Format:
Author Year, 'Title', Thesis Type, University, City.
Examples:
Wallace, J.W. 2002, 'Modeling Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Electrically Large Structures', PhD thesis, Brigham Young University, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Kirk, J. 2002, 'Theorising Information Use: Managers and Their Work', PhD thesis, University of Technology, Sydney.
Babayan, K. 1993, 'The waning of the Qizilbash: the spiritual and temporal in seventeenth century Iran', PhD thesis, Princeton University, NJ.
In the text these would be:
(Wallace 2002) and (Kirk 2002) and (Babayan 1993)
10. REPORT
Usually used for in-house publications, reports usually have very focused subject matter like journal articles and may be only a few pages in length. They may be unpublished. Examples of reports would be company annual reports, heritage reports, departmental reports, research group reports, and some brief ABS publications.
The fact that the word 'report' appears in the title does not always mean that it should be referenced in this format - you may prefer to reference it as a Book or an Edited Book instead.
Bibliography Format:
Author(s) Year, Report Title, Report Number, Publisher, City.
Examples:
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 1999, Annual Report 1998-99, DFAT, Canberra.
Law Reform Commissioner of Tasmania 1996, Report on Public Fundraising by Charitable Institutions, Report Number 75, Government Printer, Hobart.
In the text these would be:
(Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 1999) and (Law Reform Commissioner of Tasmania 1996)
11. FILM or AUDIOVISUAL MATERIAL
Medium must be motion picture (for films). Type must be video recording, CD-ROM, DVD, audio cassette, slide, or microform for audiovisual material. Distributor is used for films, Publisher for Audiovisual Material. Leave the Author or Director fields empty in EndNote.
Bibliography Format:
Title Year, Medium or Type, Distributor or Publisher, City.
Examples:
Annie Hall 1977, motion picture, United Artists, Hollywood, Calif.
Muriel's Wedding 1994, motion picture, Roadshow Entertainment, Sydney.
The Edge of the Possible 1998, video recording, Ronin Films, Canberra.
Attack on the Wires 2002, video recording, BBC for the Open University, London.
In the text these would be:
(Annie Hall 1977) and (Muriel's Wedding 1994) and (The Edge of the Possible 1998) and (Attack on the Wires 2002)
12. TELEVISION OR RADIO PROGRAM
Medium must be television program or radio broadcast.
Leave out Series Title if the program is not part of a series.
In EndNote, use the Distributor field for the TV or Radio Station.
Broadcast Date is Day Month (in EndNote use the Date Released field).
Bibliography Format:
Title Broadcast Year, Medium, Series Title, TV or Radio Station, City, Broadcast Date.
Examples:
Canberra Firestorm 2003, television program, Catalyst, ABC TV, Sydney, 3 March.
Shock! Horror! 2004, television program, This is Modern Art, ABC TV, Sydney, 19 May.
PM 2004, radio broadcast, ABC Radio 702AM, Sydney, 2 June.
In the text these would be:
(Canberra Firestorm 2003) and (Shock! Horror! 2004) and (PM 2004)
13. ARTWORK (or an image of an artwork)
Normally you will be referring to an image of an artwork in a book, online or in some other format, rather than to the original work. In this case, you should not refer to the original work in your bibliography. However, you must refer in your bibliography to the source you consulted which contains the image.
In the text you should refer to the original artwork in italics followed by the citation to the source of the image, with a page number reference if possible.
In the examples below, we are referring to an image of a painting by Manet found in a book by Gaunt, and an image of a sculpture by Rodin found on a website maintained by the Fine Arts Department of Boston College.
In the bibliography:
Gaunt, W. 1970, The impressionists, Thames & Hudson, London.
Fine Arts Department 2007, Burghers of Calais, Boston College, Boston, Mass., viewed 3 April 2007, <http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/rodin/burghers2.jpg>
In the text these would be:
... Dejeuner sur l'Herbe by Manet (Gaunt 1970, p. 17) ...
... Rodin's Burghers of Calais (Fine Arts Department 2007) ...
If you have viewed the original artwork and wish to refer to it:
Bibliography Format:
Artist Year, Title, Type of Work, Museum or Gallery, City.
Examples:
Manet, E. 1863, Dejeuner sur l'herbe, artwork, Musee d'Orsay, Paris.
Rodin, A. 1886, The lovers, sculpture, private collection.
In the text these would be:
(Manet 1863) and (Rodin 1886)
In these examples, Year is the year the artwork was created. Type of Work is artwork (although you can be more specific if you wish, eg oil painting, watercolour, sculpture or photograph).
In EndNote, with Harvard (UTS) style, use the Publisher field for the name of the museum or gallery housing the artwork; or if in a private collection, use this term.
City is the city where the museum or gallery is located. If in a private collection, you do not need to have a City.
14. CASE LAW
Use the abbreviated name for Law Reports, eg CLR for Commonwealth Law Reports. The Year is not in italics.
Cases should be referenced as if in print even if viewed electronically.
Bibliography Format:
Case Name in Full (Year) Volume LawReport FirstPage.
Example:
Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd (1920) 28 CLR 129.
In the text this would be:
(Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd 1920)
15. LEGISLATION
Legislation should be referenced as if in print, even if viewed electronically.
Jurisdiction should be one of: Cth, NSW, Vic, Qld, WA, SA, Tas, ACT, NT for Australian legislation. For non-Australian legislation you will need to look up the appropriate abbreviation for the jurisdiction (eg UK for British legislation).
The Name and the Year of an Act are in italics, but not the Jurisdiction, nor the Name and Year of a Bill.
In EndNote, with Harvard (UTS) style, use the Code field for the Jurisdiction in an Act (Statute), and also for the Legislative Body in a Bill.
Bibliography Format for an Act:
Name of Act Year (Jurisdiction).
Examples:
Crimes Act 1900 (NSW).
Copyright Act 1968 (Cth).
Bibliography Format for a Bill:
Name of Bill Year (Legislative Body).
Example:
Anti-terrorism Bill 2004 (House of Representatives).
In the text these would be:
(Crimes Act 1900) and (Copyright Act 1968) and (Anti-Terrorism Bill 2004)
In the text, you can specify particular sections of an Act if you wish, using s. for one section or ss. for several sections. For example
(Crimes Act 1900, s. 41A) and (Copyright Act 1968, ss. 40-42)
16. PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
This can take a number of forms - conversations, emails, letters, interviews and so on. Records of these are normally kept in a secure location by the researcher and, for reasons of privacy, are not normally available for consultation except under special circumstances (eg by thesis examiners).
Bibliography Format for a Personal Communication:
Interviewee/Sender Year, Title, personal communication, Date, City.
The Title should be in the format Email to the author or Telephone conversation with Mary Smith.
Use City for the location of the interviewee/sender.
Examples:
Whitely, B. 1990, Interview with the author, personal communication, 18 August, Sydney.
Chirac, J. 2004, Telephone conversation, personal communication, 13 January, Paris.
In the text these would be:
(Whitely 1990) and (Chirac 2004)
17. ONE WORK CITING ANOTHER
Suppose you wish to cite something that is cited in a later work. For example, suppose you've read a book by Thorne, written in 1994, on p.78 of which he quotes from a paper by Einstein written in 1906. To cite the work by Einstein using Thorne's book you must cite in the text as
(Einstein 1906; cited by Thorne 1994, p. 78)
Alternatively you can mention the Einstein reference in the text and cite the Thorne reference with page number:
... Einstein stated in 1906 that time is relative (Thorne 1994, p. 78) ...
In your reference list you must have the full citation of Thorne (which is given in section 1 above). You can also include the full citation of Einstein in your bibliography if you wish (you can get this from Thorne's bibliography), but this isn't necessary if you haven't actually consulted the Einstein paper directly.
