To decide if the work you are looking at is a book, look at the pages just after the title page. If you see a publisher and an ISBN, and none of the chapters have separate authors listed, then reference it as a book.

You will need to find:

1. Author/s 
2. Year the book was published
3. Title of the book
4. Edition
5. Publisher 
6. Place of Publication

Then follow the format for referencing a book.

UTS Library Catalogue

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Title page, verso and table of contents

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If the item you are looking at has an ISBN but also has chapters written by different authors, please see the next section on book chapters. 

Some books are not written by a single author, instead they have an editor or editors who commission authors to write chapters in the book. Thus we have two different sets of people who need credit for their work – the authors that go with the title of their chapter and the editors that go with the title of the book. 

You will need to find:

1. Author/s of the chapter
2. Year the book was published
3. Chapter title 
4. Editor/s of the book
5. Edition 
6. Book title
7. Publisher
8. Place of Publication
9. Page range of the chapter

Title, verso and table of contents

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First page of the chapter

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Journal articles are short pieces of research written by one or more authors, which are then published in a particular volume, and usually an issue, of a journal. If you are looking at a reference that has a DOI, or has a volume or issue number such as 6(2) or 6:2 then you are looking at a journal article.

You will need to locate:

1. Author/s of the journal article
2. Year the journal article was published
3. Title of journal article
4. Journal title
5. Volume number 
6. Issue number
7. Page range of the journal article

UTS Library Catalogue

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First page of the journal article

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Database preview

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If you are looking at a reference online and wondering if it is a webpage, look to see first if it meets the criteria for a book, book chapter, or journal article, if it does, reference it as those types and not as a webpage. If it is none of these reference types then it is likely that it can be referenced as a webpage.

You will need to locate:

1. Author/s of the web page
2. Year the web page was created, if the year is not found, use n.d. 
3. Title of webpage
4. Description (if needed, e.g. report number or document number)
5. Publisher responsible for displaying the webpage
6. Place of Publication of the organisation responsible for the webpage
7. Date you viewed the webpage. 
8. URL

Often, a webpage may not have a human author acknowledged. In this case use the publisher as the author and don't repeat the publisher later in the reference

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UTS Library database preview

If you have logged into a website with your UTS logon (as indicated by the word ezproxy in the URL) then you should use the database rules when creating a reference. The database format is like a website, but instead of placing the URL in angle brackets you place the name of the database. This is because the URL would not be accessible to anyone who does not have a UTS logon.

PDF with web URL

If you find a PDF online and it is not a journal article or behind a UTS login, then you can reference it as a website, but you can also cite the page numbers in-text, as you would for a print resource.

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If you need any further help, please Ask a Librarian.